Chapter Overview

Hindi Language (हिंदी भाषा) at Class X level is one of the components of CGPSC Prelims Paper II (CSAT), and General Hindi (सामान्य हिंदी) is Part 1 of Mains Paper I (Language). The grammar is school grammar — sandhi, samas, word meanings, idioms, correct usage — but the exam expects it to be exact. Notes here are explained in English; every rule’s Hindi term, every example and every practice question is in Devanagari, because the Hindi questions are set in Hindi.

What You’ll Learn

By the end of this chapter, you’ll be able to:

Split any common word into its sandhi (संधि-विच्छेद) and name the type — swar, vyanjan or visarga
Open a compound into its vigrah (समास-विग्रह) and name its samas, avoiding the karmadharaya–bahuvrihi and dvigu–bahuvrihi traps
Recall high-yield synonym sets and antonym pairs, and decode unfamiliar ones from word-parts (-ज, -द, -धि, -कर)
Tell a muhavara from a lokokti, give the fixed meaning and use it correctly in a sentence
Correct the standard spelling and sentence errors (gender, number, ने-construction, redundancy, word order) by rule

Prerequisites

Before starting this chapter, you should be comfortable with:

Reading Devanagari fluently, including half-letters (संयुक्ताक्षर) and matras
The vowels (स्वर), the five consonant groups (वर्ग) and the Hindi case-markers (ने, को, से, के लिए, का, में, पर)
Class VIII–X Hindi grammar at the level of any state-board textbook

Learning Path

Follow these topics in order. Each builds on the one before:

graph TD
    A[Devanagari and case-markers] --> B[1. Sandhi]
    B --> C[2. Samas]
    C --> D[3. Synonyms and Antonyms]
    D --> E[4. Idioms and Proverbs]
    E --> F[5. Error Correction]
    F --> G[Quick Revision sheet]
    B -.-> F
    E -.-> H[Chhattisgarhi Language]

Topics in This Chapter

Topic	Description	Time
Sandhi (संधि)	Five vowel sandhis, key consonant and visarga rules, splitting strategy, exceptions	14 min
Samas (समास)	Six types by “pradhan pad”, tatpurush by case, vigrah method, look-alike traps	14 min
Synonyms and Antonyms (पर्यायवाची और विलोम)	High-yield synonym sets, the -ज / -द / -धि pattern, prefix and independent antonym pairs	12 min
Idioms and Proverbs (मुहावरे और लोकोक्तियाँ)	Muhavara vs lokokti, high-yield lists, meaning groups, use in sentences	12 min
Error Correction (शब्द शुद्धि और वाक्य शुद्धि)	Spelling families, seven sentence-error types, the ने agreement rule	14 min
Quick Revision	Every rule, list and trap from the chapter on one page	6 min

Every practice question here is original

All MCQs and drills in this chapter were written for CGPSC Notes in the style of the exam. None is a CGPSC previous-year question. Examples follow standard school-grammar conventions; where Hindi grammars differ (for instance उत् vs उद् in sandhi splits, or words like नीलकंठ that change samas with meaning), the page says so.

Where It Is Asked

Paper

How Hindi appears

Prelims Paper II (CSAT)

“Knowledge of the Hindi language (Class X level)” is one syllabus component alongside comprehension, reasoning, numeracy and Chhattisgarhi. Objective MCQs set in Hindi. 100 questions in all, 200 marks, 2 hours; the number of Hindi items varies from year to year.

Mains Paper I (Language), Part 1 General Hindi

Descriptive: sandhi and samas, synonyms and antonyms, one-word substitution, prefixes and suffixes, word and sentence correction, idioms and proverbs with usage. The same part also includes comprehension, précis (संक्षेपण), letter writing (पत्र लेखन), Chhattisgarh’s contribution to Hindi literature and Hindi–Chhattisgarhi translation; Parts 2 and 3 cover General English and Chhattisgarhi.

Paper II is qualifying — Hindi is a dependable block

Prelims Paper II marks are not added to your merit, but you must cross the minimum qualifying mark — commonly cited as 33%, though the exact threshold can vary by category, so check the current CGPSC notification. Wrong answers carry negative marking of one-third of the question’s marks. Grammar questions are short, rule-based and quick; a candidate who knows the rules can answer them in seconds and bank time for passages and numeracy.

This chapter connects to the rest of the syllabus: Chhattisgarhi Language is the next Paper II block, Reading Comprehension includes Hindi passages, and Chhattisgarh: Literature and Language covers the state’s Hindi and Chhattisgarhi writers for Prelims Paper I and Mains.

Quick Reference

Core rules at a glance

Item	Rule / fact
Vowel sandhi order	दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण, अयादि
Gun / Vriddhi	ए, ओ, अर् / ऐ, औ
Yan vs Ayadi	half-letter + य/व (स्वागत) vs full letter + य/व (पवन)
Visarga after अ	→ ओ before soft sounds (मनोबल); after इ/उ → र् (निर्धन)
Samas by pradhan pad	अव्ययीभाव: पूर्व; तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु: उत्तर; द्वंद्व: दोनों; बहुव्रीहि: अन्य
Synonym suffixes	-ज lotus, -द cloud, -धि sea, -कर sun/moon
Muhavara vs lokokti	phrase inside a sentence vs complete saying
ने agreement	verb follows the object; masculine singular if the object has को

Exam Focus

High-yield: gun vs vriddhi, visarga sandhi, bahuvrihi identification, tatpurush sub-types, अनल/अनिल-type lookalikes, idiom meanings, -इक spellings, ने agreement.
Favourite traps: calling every ओ visarga, number-start compounds as dvigu, the literal meaning of an idiom, daily-use misspellings (उपरोक्त, प्रदर्शिनी).
Speed target: a grammar item in 20–30 seconds — every topic page ends with a timed speed drill.

Start Learning

Ready to begin? Start with the first topic:

→ Sandhi (संधि)