Geography
Mineral and Energy Resources of India
Mineral and Energy Resources of India — Quick Revision
One-page CGPSC quick revision for Mineral and Energy Resources of India: every mine, leading state, date and 2026 figure in tables.
India’s minerals, coal, oil, gas, nuclear and renewable energy on one page. For explanations, read Metallic Minerals, Non-metallic, Atomic and Critical Minerals, Conventional Energy and Non-conventional Energy. The Chhattisgarh side is in Minerals, Energy and Industries — Quick Revision.
How to use this sheet
Scan top to bottom the week before Prelims. Bold lines are the facts examiners return to most often. Figures marked with a year change; recheck them before the exam.
Minerals
Metallic
| Mineral | Leading state(s) | Key mines and facts |
|---|---|---|
| Geological rule | Peninsula | Metallic minerals in Archaean and Dharwar rocks; most minerals east of the Mangaluru–Kanpur line |
| Iron ore | Odisha (more than half, FY 2023-24); then Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand | Badampahar, Gua, Noamundi, Bailadila, Dalli-Rajhara, Ballari, Kudremukh (slurry to Mangaluru), Goa (Marmagao) |
| Iron ore grades | Magnetite up to ~70% (richest); haematite 50–60% (most used) | |
| Manganese | Resources: Odisha; production: MP (Balaghat), Maharashtra, Odisha | MOIL, Nagpur; ~10 kg per tonne of steel |
| Chromite | Odisha (almost all) | Sukinda valley (Jajpur) |
| Bauxite | Odisha | Panchpatmali (Koraput), NALCO; laterite plateaus; Mainpat (CG) |
| Copper | MP | Malanjkhand (MP), Khetri (Rajasthan), Singhbhum (Jharkhand); HCL; India imports |
| Lead-zinc, silver | Rajasthan | Rampura Agucha, Zawar, Sindesar Khurd; HZL |
| Gold | Karnataka | Hutti; Kolar closed 2001; Sonakhan (CG) first auction 2016 |
| Tin | Chhattisgarh only | Dantewada cassiterite; Haryana larger resources |
| Tungsten | Rajasthan | Degana |
Non-metallic, atomic and critical
| Mineral / item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Mica | Andhra Pradesh (Nellore) leads production; Koderma (Jharkhand) historic |
| Limestone | ~450 MT (FY 2023-24); Rajasthan top producer; cement |
| Gypsum | Rajasthan (Bikaner, Nagaur, Barmer) |
| Rock phosphate | Jhamarkotra (Rajasthan); Jhabua (MP) |
| Diamond | Panna (MP), Majhgawan, NMDC |
| Salt | Gujarat |
| Uranium | Jaduguda (UCIL, 1967), Tummalapalle (AP), Domiasiat (Meghalaya) |
| Thorium | Monazite sands: Kerala, TN, Odisha, AP; IREL |
| Three-stage plan | Bhabha: PHWR → FBR (PFBR first criticality 6 Apr 2026) → thorium |
| Critical minerals | 30 listed (June 2023); KABIL (2019) |
| MMDR 2023 | Lithium and 5 others removed from atomic list; central auctions |
| Lithium | Reasi (J&K): 5.9 MT inferred (2023), auction unsuccessful; Katghora (CG): first block auctioned (June 2024) |
| NCMM | 29 Jan 2025; ₹16,300 cr + ₹18,000 cr PSU = ₹34,300 cr, 2024-25 to 2030-31 |
| MMDR 2015 | Auction; DMF; NMET |
| Bodies | GSI 1851 (Kolkata); IBM 1948 (Nagpur) |
Energy
Coal, oil and gas
| Fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Coal output | 1,047.6 MT (FY 2024-25); crossed 1 bn t in March 2025; world’s 2nd largest producer |
| Coal states | Production: Odisha 1st, Chhattisgarh 2nd; resources: Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh |
| Coal age | Gondwana ~98% (Damodar, Son, Mahanadi, Godavari, Wardha); Tertiary in north-east (high sulphur) |
| Coalfields | Jharia (coking), Raniganj (oldest, 1774), Bokaro, Singrauli, Talcher, Korba, Singareni, Chandrapur |
| Lignite | Neyveli (TN) |
| Coal policy | Nationalised 1971–73; CIL 1975; commercial mining 2020 |
| Oil firsts | Digboi oil 1889, refinery 1901 (oldest); Guwahati first PSU refinery |
| Oilfields | Assam; Gujarat (Ankleshwar, Kalol); Mumbai High (1974); Barmer (2004); KG basin (gas) |
| Import dependence | 88.7% (2025-26); domestic crude ~28 MMT |
| Refining | Jamnagar: world’s largest single-site complex |
| SPR | Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, Padur: 5.33 MMT |
| Gas | HVJ pipeline (GAIL); Urja Ganga; target 15% of energy mix by 2030 |
Electricity
| Fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Installed capacity | ~552 GW; non-fossil ~300.5 GW (over 54%) (July 2026) |
| 50% non-fossil NDC target | Met June 2025 |
| Largest thermal | Vindhyachal (MP), 4,760 MW, NTPC |
| Hydro | ~57 GW; Bhakra (Sutlej), Tehri (tallest dam), Nathpa Jhakri, Koyna, Hirakud; Hasdeo Bango 120 MW (CG) |
| Nuclear | 24 reactors, 8,780 MW, 7 sites (July 2026) |
| Nuclear sites | Tarapur (1st, 1969), Rawatbhata, Kalpakkam, Narora (UP), Kakrapar, Kaiga, Kudankulam (largest) |
| Nuclear policy | 100 GW by 2047; SHANTI Act 2025 (private entry; replaces 1962 and 2010 Acts) |
Renewables
| Fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| By source (July 2026) | Solar ~164.6 GW; wind ~58 GW; bio ~11.8 GW |
| Solar leader | Rajasthan, then Gujarat |
| Wind leader | Gujarat, then Tamil Nadu, Karnataka |
| Solar parks | Bhadla (Jodhpur), 2,245 MW; Pavagada; Rewa; Khavda (Kachchh), 30 GW planned |
| Targets | 500 GW non-fossil by 2030; net zero 2070 (COP26 Panchamrit) |
| JNNSM | Jan 2010; 100 GW solar target (2015) |
| ISA | India + France, 30 Nov 2015, COP21; HQ Gurugram |
| PM-KUSUM | 2019, farmers’ solar pumps |
| PM Surya Ghar | Feb 2024; 1 crore homes; 300 units free; ₹75,021 cr |
| Green Hydrogen Mission | 4 Jan 2023; ₹19,744 cr; 5 MMT/year by 2030 |
| Ethanol | E20 reached 2025 |
| Geothermal | Puga, Manikaran, Tattapani (Balrampur, CG); national policy 15 Sep 2025 |
| Tidal | Gulf of Khambhat, Gulf of Kachchh, Sundarbans |
| Agencies | MNRE (renamed 2006), IREDA 1987, SECI 2011, NIWE Chennai, NISE Gurugram |
Don’t Confuse
| This | vs | That |
|---|---|---|
| Magnetite: richest iron ore | vs | Haematite: most used |
| Tin production: CG only | vs | Tin resources: Haryana larger |
| Jharia: coking coal | vs | Raniganj: oldest coalfield |
| Digboi: oldest refinery | vs | Guwahati: first PSU refinery |
| Tarapur: first nuclear plant | vs | Kudankulam: largest |
| Narora: UP | vs | Rawatbhata: Rajasthan |
| Reasi: lithium found | vs | Katghora: lithium block auctioned |
| Rajasthan: solar leader | vs | Gujarat: wind leader |
| Bhadla: largest commissioned solar park | vs | Khavda: 30 GW, under construction |
| Non-fossil share of capacity: over 54% | vs | Coal’s share of generation: still the largest |
| MMDR 2015: auction, DMF | vs | MMDR 2023: critical minerals |
| NCMM ₹34,300 cr | vs | Green Hydrogen ₹19,744 cr |
Favourite MCQ trap
“More than half of India’s electricity now comes from non-fossil sources.” False. More than half of installed capacity is non-fossil (since June 2025), but coal still generates most of the electricity, because solar and wind run for fewer hours.
Second favourite trap
“Tamil Nadu leads India in wind power” and “Jharkhand leads in mica” are both outdated. As of 2026, Gujarat leads in wind, and recent IBM data show Andhra Pradesh reporting nearly all crude mica production.
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