Parts IV and IVA on one page: directives, classification, amendments, the FR vs DPSP case chain and the eleven duties. For explanations, go back to the chapter.
Scan it top to bottom in the week before Prelims. Bold entries are the facts examiners return to most often.
Directive Principles: Article by Article
| Article | Content |
|---|
| 36 | “State” as in Art 12 |
| 37 | Not enforceable by any court; fundamental in governance; duty of State to apply in making laws |
| 38 | Welfare State; social order with justice; 38(2) minimise inequalities (44th, 1978) |
| 39 | (a) livelihood; (b) material resources for common good; (c) no concentration of wealth; (d) equal pay for equal work; (e) workers’ and children’s health; (f) children’s development (42nd) |
| 39A | Equal justice, free legal aid (42nd, 1976) |
| 40 | Village panchayats |
| 41 | Right to work, education, public assistance (within economic capacity) |
| 42 | Just and humane work conditions, maternity relief |
| 43 | Living wage, cottage industries |
| 43A | Workers in management (42nd) |
| 43B | Co-operative societies (97th, 2011) |
| 44 | Uniform Civil Code |
| 45 | Early childhood care and education, under 6 (86th, 2002) |
| 46 | SCs, STs, weaker sections: education and economic interests |
| 47 | Nutrition, public health, prohibition |
| 48 | Agriculture and animal husbandry; cow slaughter |
| 48A | Environment, forests, wildlife (42nd) |
| 49 | Monuments of national importance |
| 50 | Separation of judiciary from executive |
| 51 | International peace, international law, arbitration |
| Outside Part IV | 335 (SC/ST claims to services), 350A (mother-tongue instruction), 351 (Hindi) |
Classification (academic, not in the text)
| Group | Articles |
|---|
| Socialistic | 38, 39, 39A, 41, 42, 43, 43A, 47 |
| Gandhian | 40, 43, 43B, 46, 47, 48 |
| Liberal-intellectual | 44, 45, 48, 48A, 49, 50, 51 |
Amendments
| Amendment | Change |
|---|
| 1st (1951) | Arts 15(4), 31A, 31B (Ninth Schedule), after Champakam |
| 24th (1971) | Parliament can amend Fundamental Rights (after Golaknath) |
| 25th (1971) | Art 31C: laws for 39(b), (c) safe from Arts 14, 19 |
| 42nd (1976) | 39(f), 39A, 43A, 48A; 31C extended to all DPSP (struck down 1980); Part IVA, 10 duties |
| 44th (1978) | 38(2) |
| 86th (2002) | Art 21A; Art 45 rewritten; 51A(k) |
| 97th (2011) | 43B; “co-operative societies” in 19(1)(c) |
FR vs DPSP: Case Chain
| Case | Year | Point |
|---|
| Champakam Dorairajan | 1951 | DPSP subsidiary to FR |
| Golaknath | 1967 | FR cannot be amended |
| Kesavananda Bharati | 1973 | Basic structure; ouster clause of 31C struck down |
| Minerva Mills | 1980 | Harmony and balance between FR and DPSP is basic structure; 42nd’s extension of 31C struck down |
| Randhir Singh | 1982 | Equal pay for equal work (14, 16, 39(d)) |
| Khoday Distilleries | 1995 | No FR to trade in liquor |
| Mirzapur Moti Kureshi | 2005 | Cattle slaughter ban reasonable (Art 48) |
| Property Owners Association | 2024 | 9 judges; 31C survives; not all private property is a 39(b) resource (8:1) |
Fundamental Duties: Article 51A
| Clause | Duty |
|---|
| (a) | Constitution, its ideals and institutions, National Flag, National Anthem |
| (b) | Noble ideals of the freedom struggle |
| (c) | Sovereignty, unity, integrity |
| (d) | Defend the country; national service when called upon |
| (e) | Harmony and brotherhood; renounce practices derogatory to women |
| (f) | Composite culture |
| (g) | Environment: forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife; compassion for living creatures |
| (h) | Scientific temper, humanism, inquiry and reform |
| (i) | Public property; abjure violence |
| (j) | Excellence |
| (k) | Parent/guardian: education for child 6–14 (86th, 2002) |
| Fact | Detail |
|---|
| Part | IVA |
| Source | Former USSR |
| Committee | Swaran Singh (1976), recommended 8; 10 added |
| Not adopted | Duty to pay taxes; penalty for non-compliance |
| Operationalisation | Justice J.S. Verma Committee (1999) |
| Applies to | Citizens only |
| Key case | AIIMS Students’ Union (2001): duties equally important |
Chhattisgarh Links
| Provision | Chhattisgarh example |
|---|
| Art 40 | Three-tier panchayats |
| Art 46 | PESA Rules notified 8 August 2022; STs 30.62% (Census 2011) |
| Art 48 | Agricultural Cattle Preservation Act, 2004 |
| Art 39A | State and District Legal Services Authorities, Lok Adalats |
| Art 51A(e), (h) | Tonahi Pratadna Nivaran Adhiniyam, 2005 |
Don’t Confuse
| This | vs | That |
|---|
| DPSP — Ireland | vs | Fundamental Duties — USSR |
| 38(2) — 44th (1978) | vs | 39(f), 39A, 43A, 48A — 42nd (1976) |
| Art 45 — under 6 (DPSP) | vs | Art 21A — 6–14 (FR) vs 51A(k) — parent’s duty, 6–14 |
| 48 — cattle, agriculture | vs | 48A — environment |
| 48A — State’s directive | vs | 51A(g) — citizen’s duty |
| Kesavananda — struck the ouster clause of 31C | vs | Minerva Mills — struck the 42nd’s extension of 31C |
| Swaran Singh (1976) — recommended duties | vs | Verma (1999) — operationalising duties |
- National Song and National Emblem are not in Art 51A; only the Flag and Anthem are.
- Minerva Mills did not abolish Art 31C; the original form survives (confirmed 2024).
- The socialistic/Gandhian/liberal classification is academic, not constitutional.
- Fundamental Duties bind citizens only; there were 10 in 1976 and 11 from 2002.
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