Chapter Overview

Human resource development (मानव संसाधन विकास) is the third part of Mains Paper VII (GS-V): education policy, skill development and employability, and the national and international institutions that build a country’s human capital. This chapter covers the constitutional base of education, the policies from the Kothari Commission to NEP 2020 and how far it has been implemented (as of 2026), the Skill India system, the regulators and the 2025 single-regulator Bill, and Chhattisgarh’s own institutions and laws.

What You’ll Learn

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

Explain Articles 21A, 45, 51A(k) and 350A, the Concurrent List position of education and the RTE Act, 2009
Trace education policy from the Radhakrishnan and Kothari Commissions to NPE 1968, NPE 1986 and NEP 2020
List NEP 2020’s main provisions and give a dated account of its implementation
Describe India’s skilling ecosystem (MSDE, NSDC, NCVET, NSQF, ITIs) and evaluate schemes such as PMKVY
Explain Chhattisgarh’s Right of Youth to Skill Development Act, 2013
Distinguish the UGC, AICTE, NCTE, NAAC, NBA, NIRF and NTA, and analyse the Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan Bill, 2025
Name the role of UNESCO, UNICEF, the ILO and the World Bank in education and HRD
Recall the founding years of IIT Bhilai, IIM Raipur, AIIMS Raipur, NIT Raipur, HNLU and the state’s main universities

Prerequisites

Fundamental Rights — Article 21A and minority educational rights
Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties — Articles 45, 46 and 51A(k)
International Organisations — the UN system behind UNESCO, UNICEF and the ILO

Learning Path

Follow the topics in this order:

graph TD
    A["1. Education Policy
Constitution, RTE Act,
Kothari to NEP 2020, status 2026"] --> B["2. Skill Development
HRD concept, MSDE, NSDC, NCVET,
schemes, CG Right to Skill Act"]
    B --> C["3. Higher Education and Research
UGC, AICTE, NCTE, VBSA Bill,
ANRF, UNESCO, CG institutions"]
    C --> D["4. Quick Revision
One-page sheet"]
    D --> E["Related chapter:
Welfare Programmes"]

Topics in This Chapter

#	Topic	What it covers
1	Education Policy: Constitution, RTE and NEP 2020	Arts 21A, 45, 51A(k), 350A; 42nd and 86th Amendments; RTE Act 2009; commissions and NPEs; NEP 2020 provisions and implementation status (2026); Chhattisgarh’s local-language primary education
2	Skill Development and Employability	Human capital and HDI; MSDE, NSDC, NCVET, NSQF, ITIs; PMKVY, Skill India Programme (2025), ITI upgradation, DDU-GKY, PM Vishwakarma, PM Internship; Chhattisgarh Right to Skill Act 2013 and Livelihood Colleges
3	Higher Education and Research Institutions	UGC, AICTE, NCTE, NCERT, NAAC, NBA, NIRF, NTA; VBSA Bill 2025; ANRF and research councils; UNESCO, UNICEF, ILO, World Bank; AISHE data; Chhattisgarh’s national institutes and universities
—	Quick Revision	Every article, year, scheme and institution on one page

Where It Is Asked

Paper	What to expect
Mains P-VII (GS-V), Part 3	Short answers (e.g. “What is NCVET?”, “Right to Skill Act of Chhattisgarh”, “role of UNESCO in education”) and longer analytical answers (evaluate NEP 2020, single regulator debate, demographic dividend and skilling, role of national institutions in Chhattisgarh)
Mains P-II (Essay)	Education, youth and employment are recurring essay themes
Prelims P-I (supporting)	Constitutional articles on education, founding years of institutions in Chhattisgarh, scheme facts

Exam focus

High-yield: Art 21A and the 86th Amendment; RTE 25% quota; NEP 5+3+3+4 and its targets; NSDC vs NCVET; the VBSA Bill’s three councils and status; Chhattisgarh’s Right to Skill Act (14–45, 90 days); founding years of CG’s national institutes.
Common mistakes: treating the VBSA Bill as passed; writing UGC “1956” as its founding year (set up 1953, Act 1956); calling Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University the oldest university in the state.
Always date scheme and Bill statuses (“as of 2026”).

Quick Reference: Education and HRD at a Glance

Item	Key fact
Art 21A	6–14 free and compulsory education; 86th Amendment, 2002
Education in Concurrent List	42nd Amendment, 1976 (Entry 25, List III)
RTE Act	2009; in force 1 April 2010; 25% seats in private unaided schools
National policies	1968, 1986 (revised 1992), 2020
NEP 2020	Approved 29 July 2020; 5+3+3+4; 50% higher-education GER by 2035; 6% of GDP
MSDE / NSDC / NCVET	2014 / 2008 / 2018
Skill India Mission	15 July 2015 (World Youth Skills Day)
CG Right to Skill Act	2013; first state; ages 14–45
UGC / AICTE / NCTE Acts	1956 / 1987 / 1993
VBSA Bill	Introduced 15 Dec 2025; with JPC as of Aug 2026
CG national institutes	NIT Raipur (NIT 2005), HNLU 2003, IIM Raipur 2010, AIIMS Raipur 2012, IIT Bhilai 2016

Start Learning

Begin with the first topic:

→ Education Policy: Constitution, RTE and NEP 2020